Introduction
India is firmly committed to modernizing its military capabilities to counter China's growing assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region and reduce its reliance on Russian-origin equipment. According to Lt Gen Jeffrey Kruse, Director of the US Defense Intelligence Agency, New Delhi has taken significant strides in this direction, including conducting sea trials for its first domestically produced aircraft carrier and negotiating the transfer of key defense technologies from several Western nations.
China Tensions and Troop Deployment
Bilateral relations between India and China remain tense following the 2020 Galwan clash in eastern Ladakh, which resulted in casualties on both sides. Despite multiple rounds of talks between army commanders, disagreements persist at the remaining friction points. Both sides maintain approximately 50,000-60,000 troops in the area and continue to improve their military infrastructure near the border. Kruse highlighted that in 2024, India will likely prioritize securing its national parliamentary elections, sustaining economic growth, and advancing its 'Make in India' initiative as part of its military modernization effort aimed at countering Beijing's influence.
Diversifying Defense Partnerships
While Russia remains India's most substantial defense partner, with New Delhi continuing to acquire weapons like the S-400 surface-to-air missile system from Moscow, the Indian government is actively seeking to diversify its defense acquisition partnerships. India has deepened cooperation with the United States, Australia, France, and Japan, and has advanced partnerships in the Indo-Pacific with regional South China Sea claimants, such as the Philippines, through training and defense sales. This strategic diversification aligns with India's desire to reduce its dependence on Russian-origin equipment.
Pakistan and Cross-Border Tensions
Regarding Pakistan, Kruse noted the uneasy ceasefire along the Line of Control since February 2021, despite Islamabad's efforts to seek international support, including from the UN Security Council, to resolve the Kashmir dispute. Pakistan continues its nuclear modernization efforts, successfully testing its Ababeel medium-range ballistic missile in October 2023. Terrorist violence against Pakistani security forces and civilians also rose last year, with militants killing approximately 400 security personnel – a nine-year high. Kruse emphasized that Pakistan's contentious relationship with India continues to drive its defense policy, although cross-border violence has decreased since the February 2021 recommitment to the ceasefire.
Indigenization and 'Make in India' Initiative
A key pillar of India's military modernization strategy is the 'Make in India' initiative, aimed at fostering self-reliance and reducing dependence on imported defense equipment. The government has taken several steps to boost domestic defense manufacturing, including reserving a significant portion of the capital procurement budget for indigenous industries, supporting start-ups and private sector participation, and facilitating technology transfers. This push towards indigenization has resulted in a notable 334 percent increase in defense materials exports, rising from Rs 1,941 crore in 2014-15 to Rs 8,434 crore in 2020-21, with Indian defense products now being exported to 84 countries.
Surgical Strikes and Airstrikes
Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's leadership, the Indian Armed Forces have demonstrated a willingness to undertake cross-border operations to eliminate terrorist threats. The 2016 surgical strikes in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and the 2019 Balakot airstrikes targeting a Jaish-e-Mohammed camp in Pakistan have signaled India's zero-tolerance policy towards terrorism and its readiness to breach disputed borders if necessary. These operations have significantly altered the perception of the Indian armed forces globally, with India emerging as a nation committed to counterterrorism and willing to take direct action against threats.
Women's Empowerment in the Military
The Modi government has also taken steps to enhance the role of women in the Armed Forces. This includes granting permanent commissions to 557 female officers in the Army, appointing 83 women soldiers to the Military Police Corps, promoting five female officers to the rank of colonel, and paving the way for the recruitment of women into the National Defence Academy (NDA). These initiatives aim to empower women and foster greater gender inclusivity within the military.
Welfare Initiatives and OROP
Recognizing the sacrifices of the veterans, the government has implemented the long-awaited 'One Rank One Pension' (OROP) scheme, benefitting over 20 lakh pensioners or their beneficiaries with back payments. The 'Sparsh' scheme has facilitated direct transfers to pensioners' bank accounts, bypassing intermediaries. The government's yearly expenditure on the OROP program amounts to Rs 7,123 crore, reflecting its commitment to the welfare of ex-servicemen.
Modernization and Procurement Efforts
In addition to the indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant, the Indian military has been actively pursuing modernization and procurement efforts. The Indian Air Force and Navy played a crucial role in conducting relief and rescue operations during crises, such as the evacuation of Indian citizens from Ukraine (Operation Ganga) and Afghanistan, as well as providing aid after the Nepal earthquake in 2015 (Operation Maitri).
The government has also focused on equipping the armed forces with modern weapons and technologies powered by drones and artificial intelligence. The recent defense budget for 2023/24 saw a 12.95% increase, raising it from ₹5.25 lakh crore to ₹5.94 lakh crore, with a boost in the modernization budget from ₹1.52 lakh crore to ₹1.62 lakh crore. This allocation aims to enable the procurement of advanced weaponry, such as new fighter jets, submarines, and tanks.
Defense Min Rajnath’s Comments
In January, Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh emphasized that the Indian military is embracing both tradition and innovation, noting the incorporation of modern weapons and technologies such as drones and artificial intelligence. He made these remarks during the 'Shaurya Sandhya' military and combat display at Lucknow Cantonment, part of the 76th Army Day celebrations.
During the event, the Army showcased the combat capabilities of drones, demonstrating their effectiveness in destroying enemy targets. The static display included various military assets like Akash Missiles, K9 Vajra, Anti-Drone equipment, Bofors guns, and artillery weapons systems. Additionally, 12 Indian Army personnel conducted a combat free fall from 8,000 feet. The Su-30 MKI, Surya Kiran aerobatic team, and Advanced Light Helicopters also participated, adding to the spectacle. Singh highlighted the unique character of Indian soldiers, deeply rooted in the country's cultural values. He emphasized patriotism, courage, humanity, and loyalty to the Indian Constitution as the four essential qualities of a soldier. Singh stressed that while tradition is important, it should also adapt to changing times through innovation.
He praised the decision of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi-led Government to hold Army/Navy/Air Force Day celebrations outside Delhi, making them accessible to the people. Singh noted that this move symbolizes the country's tradition and showcases military progress to the public.
Singh emphasized the ongoing modernization efforts of the military, including the increasing role of women in the Armed Forces. He expressed hope that witnessing such events would inspire the youth to serve the nation with the same dedication as the soldiers. He also assured the Government's commitment to the welfare of ex-servicemen, mentioning initiatives like the 'One Rank One Pension' scheme and provisions for healthcare and re-employment opportunities. Singh concluded by stating that efforts are ongoing to ensure the well-being of veterans.
Conclusion
India's military modernization drive, fueled by the need to counter China's influence and reduce reliance on Russian equipment, has gained significant momentum. Through enhanced partnerships with Western nations, the 'Make in India' initiative, and a demonstrated willingness to undertake cross-border operations, India is positioning itself as a key player in the Indo-Pacific region. However, managing tensions with China and Pakistan while navigating economic challenges will be crucial for the success of this ambitious endeavor. With a focus on indigenization, empowering women in the military, and prioritizing the welfare of veterans, India is taking a comprehensive approach to bolster its defense capabilities and assert its regional and global presence.
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